Monday, 10 April 2017
Thursday, 19 January 2017
Brief Internet Time-Line
1945 Vannevar Bush wrote an article about a device for making and following links between
documents on microfiche
1957 USSR launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik
1958 The USA Department of Defense formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (APRA) toensure that the United States was a leader in military science and technology – this includedcommunication projects
1960s Research in USA on establishments of computer networks for sharing military informationresulting in the establishment of ARPANET in 1967
1967 National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in England developed the NPL network – an experiment in packet switching1970 First cross country link installed between computers in USA
1971 Ray Tomlinson invented email program to send messages across a distributed network
Project Gutenberg was started with the purpose of making copyright-free works, including books, electronically available
1972 Improvements made to email - @ sign introduced; could now list, file, forward and respond tomessages First computer to computer chat sessiontelnet protocol introduced – enabled logging on to a remote computer
1973 First international connections to ARPANET from London via Norway
ftp (file transfer protocol) introduced – method of transferring files between Internet sites
1974 First ARPANET mailing list
1975 Satellite links established across two oceans (to Hawaii and UK)
1970s By mid 1970s Australian universities were creating networks – files exchanged between
computers at University of Melbourne and University of Wollongong
1981 BITNET network between USA universities established
More networks developed in Europe1983 European Academic and Research Network (EARN) established
1984 Domain Name system introduced
1987 Email link established between Germany and China
1989 AARNET - Australian Academic Research Network - set up by Australian Vice ChancellorsCommittee and CSIROFirst link between Australia and NSFNET via Hawaii on 23 June
1990 Archie was released – Archie created (archived) lists of ftp sites on the Internet
The World comes on-line (world.std.com) became the first commercial provider of Internet dialupaccess
1991 Gopher released – created a collection of menus of sites on the Internet
World Wide Web released – the protocol developed by Tim Berners-Lee and others in Europe
was based on hypertext
1992 Now more than 1,000,000 hosts on the Internet
Veronica, a gopher-space search tool, was released – Veronica sites produced searchable menus
of gopher menusWorld Bank came on-lineThe term "surfing the Internet" was first used
Mosaic – a graphical browser – was introduced (a forerunner of Netscape) Businesses and media began to take notice of the Internet
1994 The first banner ads appeared Mosaic Netscape released which became Netscape Navigator Opera browser released
1995 RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, sound files near real-time
Traditional online dial-up systems such as CompuServe began to provide Internet access
Internet related companies were first listed on the stock exchange
Telstra took over the Internet infrastructure in Australia
First version of Microsoft Internet Explorer released
Yahoo released as a hierarchical search engine
1996 Internet users judged a performance by ice skaters - the first time a television sport show's outcome was determined by its viewers Google began as a research project at Stanford University
1998 Google launched as a company Blogger launched in 1999
2000 Australian government endorsed the transfer of authority for the .au domain to auDA
2001 Forwarding email in Australia became illegal with the passing of the Digital Agenda Act as it was seen as a technical infringement of personal copyright
2003 The first official Swiss online election took place in Anières Del.icio.us (social bookmarking site) established 2003
2004 First version of Mozilla Firefox released (an adaption of Netscape)
Facebook launched
Flickr established
2006 Twitter created
• History of the Internet (Wikipedia) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet
• For a detailed list of Internet events see Hobbes' Internet Timeline -
www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline
• A brief history of the Internet http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html
This includes the Internet Learning Tree with articles about the Internet plus a glossary of
Internet terms
• A brief history of the Internet in Australia
• http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html
1945 Vannevar Bush wrote an article about a device for making and following links between
documents on microfiche
1957 USSR launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik
1958 The USA Department of Defense formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (APRA) toensure that the United States was a leader in military science and technology – this includedcommunication projects
1960s Research in USA on establishments of computer networks for sharing military informationresulting in the establishment of ARPANET in 1967
1967 National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in England developed the NPL network – an experiment in packet switching1970 First cross country link installed between computers in USA
1971 Ray Tomlinson invented email program to send messages across a distributed network
Project Gutenberg was started with the purpose of making copyright-free works, including books, electronically available
1972 Improvements made to email - @ sign introduced; could now list, file, forward and respond tomessages First computer to computer chat sessiontelnet protocol introduced – enabled logging on to a remote computer
1973 First international connections to ARPANET from London via Norway
ftp (file transfer protocol) introduced – method of transferring files between Internet sites
1974 First ARPANET mailing list
1975 Satellite links established across two oceans (to Hawaii and UK)
1970s By mid 1970s Australian universities were creating networks – files exchanged between
computers at University of Melbourne and University of Wollongong
1981 BITNET network between USA universities established
More networks developed in Europe1983 European Academic and Research Network (EARN) established
1984 Domain Name system introduced
1987 Email link established between Germany and China
1989 AARNET - Australian Academic Research Network - set up by Australian Vice ChancellorsCommittee and CSIROFirst link between Australia and NSFNET via Hawaii on 23 June
1990 Archie was released – Archie created (archived) lists of ftp sites on the Internet
The World comes on-line (world.std.com) became the first commercial provider of Internet dialupaccess
1991 Gopher released – created a collection of menus of sites on the Internet
World Wide Web released – the protocol developed by Tim Berners-Lee and others in Europe
was based on hypertext
1992 Now more than 1,000,000 hosts on the Internet
Veronica, a gopher-space search tool, was released – Veronica sites produced searchable menus
of gopher menusWorld Bank came on-lineThe term "surfing the Internet" was first used
Mosaic – a graphical browser – was introduced (a forerunner of Netscape) Businesses and media began to take notice of the Internet
1994 The first banner ads appeared Mosaic Netscape released which became Netscape Navigator Opera browser released
1995 RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, sound files near real-time
Traditional online dial-up systems such as CompuServe began to provide Internet access
Internet related companies were first listed on the stock exchange
Telstra took over the Internet infrastructure in Australia
First version of Microsoft Internet Explorer released
Yahoo released as a hierarchical search engine
1996 Internet users judged a performance by ice skaters - the first time a television sport show's outcome was determined by its viewers Google began as a research project at Stanford University
1998 Google launched as a company Blogger launched in 1999
2000 Australian government endorsed the transfer of authority for the .au domain to auDA
2001 Forwarding email in Australia became illegal with the passing of the Digital Agenda Act as it was seen as a technical infringement of personal copyright
2003 The first official Swiss online election took place in Anières Del.icio.us (social bookmarking site) established 2003
2004 First version of Mozilla Firefox released (an adaption of Netscape)
Facebook launched
Flickr established
2006 Twitter created
• History of the Internet (Wikipedia) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet
• For a detailed list of Internet events see Hobbes' Internet Timeline -
www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline
• A brief history of the Internet http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html
This includes the Internet Learning Tree with articles about the Internet plus a glossary of
Internet terms
• A brief history of the Internet in Australia
• http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html
INTERNET TIMELINE
INTERNET TIMELINE
1957 – USSR launches Sputnik into space. In response, the USA creates the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) with the mission of becoming the leading force in science and new technologies.
1962 – J.C.R. Licklider of MIT proposes the concept of a “Galactic Network.” For the first time ideas about a global network of computers are introduced. J.C.R. Licklider is later chosen to head ARPA's research efforts.
1962 - Paul Baran, a member of the RAND Corporation, determines a way for the Air Force to control bombers and missiles in case of a nuclear event. His results call for a decentralized network comprised of packet switches.
1968 - ARPA contracts out work to BBN. BBN is called upon to build the first switch.
1969 – RPANET created - BBN creates the first switched network by linking four different nodes in California and Utah; one at the University of Utah, one at the University of California at Santa Barbara, one at Stanford and one at the University of California at Los Angeles.
1972 - Ray Tomlinson working for BBN creates the first program devoted to email.
1972 - ARPA officially changes its name to DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
1972 - Network Control Protocol is introduced to allow computers running on the same network to communicate with each other.
1973 - Vinton Cerf working from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA begin work developing TCP/IP to allow computers on different networks to communicate with each other.
1974 - Kahn and Cerf refer to the system as the Internet for the first time.
1976 - Ethernet is developed by Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe.
1976 – SATNET, a satellite program is developed to link the United States and Europe. Satellites are owned by a consortium of nations, thereby expanding the reach of the Internet beyond the USA.
1976 – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom, sends out an email on 26 March from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern.
1976 - AT& T Bell Labs develops UUCP and UNIX.
1979 - USENET, the first news group network is developed by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis and Steve Bellovin.
1979 - IBM introduces BITNET to work on emails and listserv systems.
1981 - The National Science Foundation releases CSNET 56 to allow computers to network without being connected to the government networks.
1983 - Internet Activities Board released.
1983 - TCP/IP becomes the standard for internet protocol.
1983 - Domain Name System introduced to allow domain names to automatically be assigned an IP number.
1984 - MCI creates T1 lines to allow for faster transportation of information over the internet.
1984- The number of Hosts breaks 1,000
1985- 100 years to the day of the last spike being driven on the Canadian Pacific Railway, the last Canadian university was connected to NetNorth in a one year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity
1987 - The new network CREN forms.
1987- The number of hosts breaks 10,000
1988 - Traffic rises and plans are to find a new replacement for the T1 lines.
1989- The Number of hosts breaks 100 000
1989- Arpanet ceases to exist
1990 - Advanced Network & Services (ANS) forms to research new ways to make internet speeds even faster. The group develops the T3 line and installs in on a number of networks.
1990 - A hypertext system is created and implemented by Tim Berners-Lee while working for CERN.
1990- The first search engine is created by McGill University, called the Archie Search Engine
1991- U.S green-light for commercial enterprise to take place on the Internet
1991 - The National Science Foundation (NSF) creates the National Research and Education Network (NREN).
1991 - CERN releases the World Wide Web publicly on August 6th, 1991
1992 – The Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered
1992- Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
1993 - InterNIC released to provide general services, a database and internet directory.
1993- The first web browser, Mosaic (created by NCSA), is released. Mosaic later becomes the Netscape browser which was the most popular browser in the mid 1990's.
1994 - New networks added frequently.
1994 - First internet ordering system created by Pizza Hut.
1994 - First internet bank opened: First Virtual.
1995 - NSF contracts out their access to four internet providers.
1995 - NSF sells domains for a $50 annual fee.
1995 – Netscape goes public with 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share value
1995- Registration of domains is no longer free.
1996- The WWW browser wars are waged mainly between Microsoft and Netscape. New versions are released quarterly with the aid of internet users eager to test new (beta) versions.
1996 – Internet2 project is initiated by 34 universities
1996 - Internet Service Providers begin appearing such as Sprint and MCI.
1996 - Nokia releases first cell phone with internet access.
1997- (Arin) is established to handle administration and registration of IP numbers, now handled by Network Solutions (IinterNic)
1998- Netscape releases source code for Navigator.
1998-Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) created to be able to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks
1999 - A wireless technology called 802.11b, more commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, is standardized.
2000- The dot com bubble bursts, numerically, on March 10, 2000, when the technology heavy NASDAQ composite index peaked at 5,048.62
2001 - Blackberry releases first internet cell phone in the United States.
2001 – The spread of P2P file sharing across the Internet
2002 -Internet2 now has 200 university, 60 corporate and 40 affiliate members
2003- The French Ministry of Culture bans the use of the word "e-mail" by government ministries, and adopts the use of the more French sounding "courriel"
2004 – The Term Web 2.0 rises in popularity when O'Reilly and MediaLive host the first Web 2.0 conference.
2004- Mydoom, the fastest ever spreading email computer worm is released. Estimated 1 in 12 emails are infected.
2005- Estonia offers Internet Voting nationally for local elections
2005-Youtube launches
2006- There are an estimated 92 million websites online
2006 – Zimbabwe's internet access is almost completely cut off after international satellite communications provider Intelsat cuts service for non-payment
2006- Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10Gbps to 100Gbps
2007- Internet2 officially retires Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network
2008- Google index reaches 1 Trillion URLs
2008 – NASA successfully tests the first deep space communications network modeled on the Internet. Using software called Disruption-Tolerant Networking, or DTN, dozens of space images are transmitted to and from a NASA science spacecraft located about more than 32 million kilometers from Earth
2009 – ICANN gains autonomy from the U.S government
2010- Facebook announces in February that it has 400 million active users.
2010 – The U.S House of Representatives passes the Cybersecurity Enhancement Act (H.R. 4061)
2012 - A major online protest shook up U.S. Congressional support for two anti-Web piracy bills - the Stop Online Piracy Act in the House and the Protect IP Act in the Senate. Many in the tech industry are concerned that the bills will give media companies too much power to shut down websites.
FOR MORE DETAILS CLICK ON LINK
http://www.investintech.com/content/historyinternet/
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Thursday, 12 January 2017
Saturday, 7 January 2017
Span of control and Scalar Chain
Span of control and Scalar Chain
What is Span of control and Scalar Chain?
Through my understanding, a span of control is the number to worker who report directly to a manager. The more workers under one manager, the wider the span of control. A wider span of control therefore forms a FLAT organisation. We will discuss more about FLAT organization later
Scalar Chain is the number of level of the management, for example the first level on the management is director, then manager, assistant manager, then only junior worker. the example has 4 level in the scalar chain
Tall and Flat organisation
A tall organisation has many level of management. The chart below shows the tall organisation structure. It has a narrow span of control.
We can see that, each leader only has one staff under him, the order can be directly send directly throughout the level. The staff will has incentive to work hard since there is less competition among themselves to get promotion, but it may also happen in opposite way. A tall organization may cause inefficiency when the works pass through too may hands.
This type of organization structure is the opposite tall organization, it has wider span of control just like the chart below
There is less level of management in this structure. The cost involve in administration is low. Worker in this organisation may have closer relationship with their superior. The top level management may able to know bottom level staff well, and assign them to the task which is best for the staff.
Centralisation and decentralisation
What is Centralisation?
In the class, Mr Bill had used a good example to explain about what is centralisation. He used a kid n his parent as a example. When the kid goes for outting, he has to report everything to his parent. Every time he goes out, he must be back home before 11pm, if not he will be punished. The control of parent over their son is call centralisation. In a centralised organisation, the upper level of an organisation is just like the parent for the kid, the lower level just like the son, they have little chance to make their own decision.
Decentralisation is totally different from centralisation. We can use PARENT AND SON example also but in the other way round. The lower levels of an organisation have more chances to make their own decision just like the parent give more freedom to their son.
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